One year after the Washington Peace Summit, Azerbaijan and Armenia are moving from conflict management toward practical normalization. Trade, transit, infrastructure and direct political dialogue are reshaping the South Caucasus, while constitutional issues and the final peace treaty remain unresolved. The challenge now is making peace durable, stable and irreversible.
Azerbaijan’s peacekeeping policy reflects continuity rather than realignment. Drawing on experience in Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan and UN missions, Baku is assessing future roles through a pragmatic lens: national interest, operational safety, strategic autonomy and cooperation with international institutions without compromising sovereign decision-making or regional balance in a shifting security order.
Europe’s growing reliance on the Middle Corridor exposes a strategic contradiction: while Brussels seeks stronger transport links through Azerbaijan, Georgia and Türkiye, European institutions continue issuing politically charged resolutions against key transit partners, risking trust, investment access and influence over the emerging Eurasian logistics architecture at a decisive geopolitical moment.
Swiss initiatives around Karabakh, presented in humanitarian terms, risk preserving the conflict’s outdated logic. By focusing selectively on Armenian return, using separatist terminology and proposing special mechanisms, Bern risks echoing Moscow’s preference for an unfinished dispute, while undermining Azerbaijan-Armenia peace efforts, sovereignty and territorial integrity in the South Caucasus.